5S

A Lean Production method of creating a clean and orderly workplace that exposes waste and errors. Originally summarized by 5 Japanese words beginning with S, 5S is widely translated as Sort, Shine, Set in Order, Standardize and Sustain.

7 Wastes

What the customer is not prepared to pay for in the production or service process. 1) Over-production 2) Wait time 3) Transport 4) Over Processing 5) Inventory, 6) Motion 7) Defects

Activity-based costing system

A system that tracks costs based on the activities that are responsible for driving costs in the production of manufactured goods

Advanced planning and scheduling system 

Planning and optimization tool that balances demand with plant capacity, thus allowing manufacturers to identify bottlenecks and divert workload to alternative production cells.

Advanced product quality planning 

A structured method of defining and establishing the steps necessary to ensure that a product satisfies the customer. By moving quality efforts into planning and prevention, this multistage process identifies and anticipates potential problem areas.

Annual total inventory turns 

A measure that is calculated by dividing the value of annual plant shipments at plant cost (for the most recent full year) by the total average daily inventory value at plant cost. Total average daily inventory includes raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. Plant cost includes material, labor, and plant overhead.

Asset turnover 

A measure of how efficiently assets are used to produce sales. The ratio shows how many dollars of sales were generated by each dollar of assets. Calculate by dividing net sales by average total assets.

Backpressure

A flow-control technique that avoids frame loss by impeding external traffic from sending frames to congested interfaces.

Benchmarking

Formal programs that compare a plant's practices and performance results against "best-in-class" competitors or against similar operations.

Bottleneck

Any point at which movement is slowed because demand placed on a resource is greater than capacity. The step in a process line that limits the throughput of the entire process line.

CAD (Computer-aided design)

Computer-based systems for product design that may incorporate analytical and "what-if" capabilities to optimize product designs. Many CAD systems capture geometric and other product characteristics for engineering-data-management systems, produce-ability and cost analysis, and performance analysis. In many cases, CAD-generated data is used to generate tooling instructions for computer-numerical-control (CNC) systems.

CAM (Computer-aided manufacturing)

Computerized systems in which manufacturing instructions are downloaded to automated equipment or to operator workstations.

CAPP (Computer-aided process planning)

Software-based systems that aid manufacturing engineers in creating a process plan to manufacture a product with geometric, electronic, and other characteristics have been captured in a CAD database. CAPP systems address such manufacturing criteria as target costs, target lead times, anticipated production volumes, availability of equipment, production routings, opportunity for material substitution, and test requirements.

Cellular manufacturing 

A manufacturing approach in which equipment and workstations are arranged to facilitate small-lot, continuous-flow production. In a manufacturing "cell," all operations necessary to produce a component or subassembly are performed in close proximity, thus allowing for quick feedback between operators when quality problems and other issues arise. Workers in a manufacturing cell typically are cross-trained and, therefore, able to perform multiple tasks as needed.

Changeover 

The time required to modify a system or workstation, including teardown and setup time.

Computerized process simulation 

Use of computer simulation to facilitate sequencing of production operations, analysis of production flows, and layout of manufacturing facilities.

Concurrent engineering 

A cross-functional, team-based approach in which the product and the manufacturing process are designed and configured within the same time frame, rather than sequentially.

Continuous-replenishment programs 

Arrangement with supplier companies in which the supplier monitors the customer's inventory and automatically replaces used materials, eliminating the need for purchase orders and related paperwork.

COQ (Cost of Quality)

A quantification of the cost of poor quality. The sum of all costs associated with conformance and nonconformance. Cost of conformance includes prevention costs (employee training, tooling maintenance, planned preventive maintenance, suggestion awards) and appraisal costs (inspection, testing, gages and instrumentation, audit expenses). The cost of nonconformance includes internal costs (unscheduled maintenance, pre-shipment scrap and rework, workers' compensation) and external costs (warranty, customer complaint investigation, rework of returned goods, and product liability insurance.)

CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)

A specification for interoperability among distributed computing systems.

Core competency 

The processes, functions, and activities in a plant or company that are its "life blood" typically those activities for which the enterprise derives the greatest return for its investments or those that intrinsically align the enterprise with its core market.

Cpk

A statistical calculation of process capability based on the relationship between process variability and design specifications.

Cross-functional teams 

Teams of employees representing different functional disciplines and/or different process segments that tackle a specific problem or perform a specific task, frequently on an ad hoc basis.

Cross-training 

Skill-development practices that require or encourage production workers and other employees to master multiple job skills, thus enhancing workforce flexibility.

CSU/DSU (channel service unit/data service unit)

A device that terminates a digital channel. In this context, the device sits between the voice T1 line and the IP PBX.

Customer lead time 

The time elapsed from receipt of an order until the finished product is shipped to the customer.

Customer reject rate

A quality measure expressed in parts per million reflecting the number of completed units rejected or returned by external customers.

Customer retention rate 

The number of customers active x years ago and still active, divided by the total number of customers active x years ago.

Data cleansing

The process of making data that is being imported into a data warehouse more accurate by removing mistakes and inconsistencies.

Data cube

A structure in which data is organized at the core of a multidimensional (OLAP) system. Each cube is made up of dimensions, which are the perspectives from which the cube can be viewed (showing specific data based on specified criteria such as database fields and categories). Dimensions can contain multiple hierarchies, which in turn contain levels. This structure fosters relationships among various types of data, allowing for deep mining and complex analysis. Data cubes are also known as multidimensional cubes.

Data mart

A structure that resembles a data warehouse but has a narrower focus on data specific to one particular workgroup or task. This is also known as a local data warehouse.

Data warehouse

A repository where data from multiple databases is brought together for more complex analysis.

Days of inventory 

Calculate days of inventory by dividing the average inventory on hand (raw-materials inventory, work-in-process inventory, finished-goods inventory, or total inventory) by average daily usage.

Demand flow scheduling systems 

Software systems designed to optimize demand-based manufacturing techniques.

DES, 3DES (Data Encryption Standard, Triple DES)

A standard method of encrypting and decrypting data. A DES key has a 64-bit value; 8 bits are used to check parity, 56 bits for the encryption algorithm. Triple DES uses three 56-bit keys, for a total of 168 bits.

Design for assembly 

The practice in which ease and cost of assembly is emphasized during the product-design stage.

Design for logistics 

The practice in which physical handling and distribution of a manufactured product are emphasized during the product-design stage.

Design for manufacturability 

The practice in which ease and cost of manufacturing, as well as quality-assurance issues, are emphasized during the product-design stage.

Design for procurement 

A practice in which product designers work effectively with suppliers and sourcing personnel to identify and incorporate technologies or designs that can be used in multiple products, facilitating the use of standardized components to achieve economies of scale and assure continuity of supply.

Design for quality 

The practice in which quality assurance and customer perception of product quality are emphasized as an integral part of the design process.

Design for recycling/disposal 

The practice in which ultimate disposal and recycling of the manufactured product are considered during the product-design stage.

Design of experiments 

An experimental design methodology that enables process designers to determine optimum product/process parameters by conducting a limited number of experiments involving combinations of variables.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

A specification for the service provided by a router, gateway, or other network device that automatically assigns TCP/IP network settings (including an IP address to any device that requests one).

Diffie-Hellman

A public-key cryptography protocol, first published in the 1970s. It allows two parties to establish a shared secret over an insecure communications channel and is used within IKE to establish session keys.

Directory Services

A network service that identifies all resources on a network and makes them accessible to users and applications. A directory service allows businesses to manage identities and security access for employees, customers and partners. Resources include e-mail addresses, computers, and peripheral devices such as printers. Ideally, the directory service should make the physical network topology and protocols transparent so that a user on a network can access any resource without knowing where or how it is physically connected.

Discrete manufacturing 

The production or assembly of parts and/or finished products that are recognizable as distinct units capable of being identified by serial numbers or other labeling methods  and measurable as numerical quantities rather than by weight or volume.

DOE (Design of experiments)

A family of statistical improvement techniques.

Economic Value Added (EVA)  

A measurement of shareholder wealth created by an investment center. A trademark of Stern Stewart & Company, calculating EVA can be very complex but is basically net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) minus an appropriate charge for the opportunity cost of all capital invested in an enterprise.

EDI (Electronic data interchange)

Information-system linkages, based on communication protocols and document formats that permit inter-company computer-to-computer communications. It not only speeds communication, but also eliminates re-keying of information and reduces the opportunity to introduce errors.

ERP (Enterprise resource planning)

An extension of MRP II software designed to operate on enterprise-wide computing platforms. ERP systems typically claim the ability to achieve tighter (or "seamless") integration between a greater variety of functional areas, including materials management, supply-chain management, production, sales and marketing, distribution, finance, field service, and human resources.

ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)

An encryption and validation standard used with IPsec.

Ethernet

The most popular LAN communication technology. Originally designed in the 1970s for coaxial cable, it is now most frequently used with Category 5 twisted-pair cable. All nodes or networked devices take turns sharing the technology. Because of this, various collision detection techniques are used, making the technology efficient for small networks. There are various types of Ethernet, including 10-Mbps (traditional Ethernet), 100-Mbps (Fast Ethernet), and 1,000-Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet).

Expert systems 

Software-based "artificial-intelligence" systems that capture the knowledge and experience of experts in a specialized field and make that expertise available to less-skilled personnel.

Extranet

An exclusionary Internet-like network that securely connects customers and suppliers to a corporate or plant intranet in order to access information deemed sharable by the intranet operators.

FEA (Finite element analysis)

A mathematical method for analyzing stress. FEA is used in product-design software to conduct graphical on-screen analysis of a model's reactions under various load conditions.

Finished-goods turn rate 

A measure of asset management that typically is calculated by dividing the value of total annual shipments at plant cost by the average finished-goods inventory value.

Finite capacity scheduling 

Software-based systems that enable simulation of production scheduling (and determination of delivery dates) based on actual unit/hour capacity at each step in the production routing.

FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis)

A technique used to assess risk in a process or a product design.

Focused-factory production 

A plant configuration and organization structure in which equipment and manpower are grouped to create essentially self-contained "mini-businesses," each with a specific product line or customer focus. A single plant may be divided into several focused-factory units, designed around process flows, each of which has control over such support activities as maintenance, manufacturing engineering, purchasing, scheduling, and customer service.

Full duplex

A transmission method that lets two network devices transmit and receive concurrently, effectively doubling the bandwidth of a half-duplex link, in which data flows one way at a time.

Future State

A potential improved view of the workflow.

GBIC (gigabit interface converter)

A type of hot-swappable, standards-based transceiver used with switches. It converts electrical signals to optical signals and vice versa, and it is usually used for connections on or to the backbone.

GVRP (Generic VLAN Registration Protocol)

A specification defining parameters that switches use to exchange information for registering VLANs on a Spanning-Tree network and to facilitate direct communication.

High-availability

Refers to devices or deployment strategies designed to provide access to fully functioning systems at all times. One HA strategy is to cluster devices so that the primary device can fail over to the secondary one if necessary.

Hosts

PCs, network printers, and multimedia devices, among other hardware, that can send or receive data across a network.

IEEE 802.1p

A standard that provides quality of service (QoS) in Ethernet networks. It relies on packet tags and allows switches to transmit packets in order of priority.

IEEE 802.1q

A standard that defines Ethernet frame tags that carry VLAN identifiers.

IEEE 802.3ab

A standard that defines Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) methods and physical-layer specifications for 1,000Base-T.

IEEE 802.3x

A standard that defines Ethernet frame start and stop requests and timers on full-duplex links.

IKE (Internet Key Exchange)

An automatic security negotiation and key management service, used with the IPsec protocols.

In-plant defect rate 

The fallout rate, parts per million (ppm), of all components in manufacturing and assembly that fail quality tests at any point in the production process.

Intranet

A secure, internal, corporate Internet-based network.

Inventory Turns

The number of times the value of inventory is turned over in a year; 12 turns means that the value of inventory is turned 12 times per year or once per month.

IP (Internet Protocol) address

A numerical identifier for a device on a TCP/IP network. The IP address format is a string of four numbers, each from 0 to 255, separated by periods.

IP PBX (Internet Protocol private branch exchange)

A private telephone switching system that performs the same basic functions as a traditional PBX but operates using IP, making it easier to add features.

IPsec (IP Security)

A widely used collection of security protocols developed and supported by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), which allows for private and secure communications across the public Internet. Over 40 RFCs (requests for comments) specify authentication, encryption, and key management in IPsec.

ISO 14000  

Standards and guidelines defined by the International Standards Organization for environmental management systems.

ISO 9000 

An international quality-process auditing program, based on a series of standards published by the International Standards Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, through which manufacturing plants receive certification attesting that their stated quality processes are adhered to in practice.

JIT (Just-in-time)

Providing what is needed, when it is needed, in the quantity it is needed.

JIT delivery 

Delivery of parts and materials in small lots and on a frequent basis timed to the needs of the production system.

JIT/continuous-flow production 

Implementation of "just-in-time" techniques to reduce lot sizes, reduce setup times, slash work-in-process inventory, reduce waste, minimize non-value-added activities, improve throughput, and reduce manufacturing cycle time. JIT production typically involves use of "pull" signals to initiate production activity, in contrast to work-order ("push") systems in which production scheduling typically is based on forecasted demand rather than actual orders.

Kaizen

The systematic, organized improvement of processes by those who operate them, using straightforward methods of analysis. It is a "do-it-now" approach to continuous improvement. Continuous improvement on top of continuous improvement.

Kaizen event 

A focused, short-term event to make immediate improvements. A concentrated effort, typically spanning three to five days, in which a team plans and implements a major process change or changes to quickly achieve a quantum improvement in performance. Participants generally represent various functions and perspectives and may include non-plant personnel.

Kanban

A visual signal, typically a re-order card or container that triggers a pull manufacturing system.

Kanban signal 

A method of signaling suppliers or upstream production operations when it is time to replenish limited stocks of components or subassemblies in a just-in-time system.

L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)

A merging of features from PPTP and Cisco's L2F. It is used to encapsulate PPP frames and transmit them across a TCP/IP network. As an IETF standard, L2TP is supported by many VPN providers.

Layouts & Work Cell Design

Using the results of value stream mapping and workflow analysis to improve the macro and micro layout of the process.

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

A client-server protocol for accessing a directory service. LDAP lets you locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the Internet or on a corporate intranet, and whether or not you know the domain name, IP address, or geographic whereabouts. An LDAP directory can be distributed among many servers on a network then replicated and synchronized regularly. LDAP was developed at the University of Michigan; it is "lightweight" in contrast to DAP, a part of the X.500 directory protocol for networks. It can be used to route email in large organizations as well as look up people and machines across public or private networks.

Lead Time

The time quoted to customers (usually in days or weeks) between the date of purchase and the shipment date.

Load Balancing

Matching or adjusting the throughput rate of all steps in a workflow.

MAC (media-access control) address

An assigned 48-bit network address that is unique to a given network interface card and can be used to identify networked devices for security purposes.

Machine availability rate 

The percentage of time that production equipment is available for use, divided by the maximum time it would be available if there were no downtime for repair or unplanned maintenance.

Machine vision 

Optical systems in which video equipment is used to guide robotic or automated equipment during production operations; also, computerized visual inspection systems used for quality control.

Manufacturing cycle time 

The time of actual production from when a customer order is released to the plant floor for a particular product through to the completion of all manufacturing, assembly, and testing for that specific product. (Does not include front-end order-entry time or engineering time spent on customized configuration of nonstandard items, or time in finished goods inventory.)

Mean time between equipment failure 

The mean (or average) time in hours expected between failures of a given device.

MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching)

An IETF–defined protocol that is used in IP traffic management. Basically, it provides a means for one router to pass on its routing priorities to another router by means of a label and without having to examine the packet and its header, thus saving the time required for the latter device to look up the address for the next node. It can also facilitate Quality of Service (QoS).

Multidimensional analysis

A process of analysis that involves organizing and summarizing data in multiple dimensions for easier comprehension (see data cube). Performing queries, users can create customized slices of data by combining various fields or dimensions.

NAICS

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is a coding system of the U.S., Mexican, and Canadian governments that identifies specific economic sectors. It replaces the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. Coding for most manufacturers encompasses the 6-digit subsets of numbers 31 through 33.

NAT (Network Address Translation)

A technique—generally applied by a router—that makes many different IP addresses on an internal network appear to the Internet as a single address, concealing the specifics of the internal network.

OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards)

The open-standards organization that sponsors interoperability specifications such as SAML and UDDI.

ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)

A standard that allows a database to be exchanged and opened by other compliant database software, independent of the database's file format or what program was originally used to create it.

OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing)

In general, OLAP refers to the tools and software used for extracting data from databases and analyzing multidimensional cubes.

OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)

A Windows standard created by Microsoft that allows programs to share information.

One-piece Flow

A practice where product is moved from one workstation to the next one piece at a time without allowing inventory to build up in-between steps.

On-Time Delivery

A measure of the success rate of delivering (or shipping) on the date promised.

On-time delivery rate 

The percentage of time that products ordered by customers are received by the specified time or date.

Order fill rate 

Annual sales orders filled completely divided by the total annual number of sales orders.

Order-to-delivery lead time

The time from when a specific order is released to the shop floor until that order is shipped to the customer, including any storage time in finished goods inventory.

PBX (private branch exchange)

A private telephone switching system that connects outside phone lines from a telecommunications provider to extensions within a building or office, as well as providing such features as call forwarding and paging. Where older proprietary systems used handsets designed specifically for separate systems, new PBX devices are interoperable.

PDM (Product data management)

Enabling software-based systems that link, manage, and organize product-related data from various sources both internally and externally with suppliers across various computer platforms, divisions, departments, and geographic locations.

Pick-to-ship cycle time 

Pick-to-ship begins when an order is released to be picked from inventory and ends at the time the order is shipped.

PoE (Power over Ethernet)

A solution in which networking hardware transmits electrical power over Category 5 Ethernet cable or better. This eliminates the need for AC power cords, minimizing cabling and outlet requirements.

Poka-yoke 

"Fail-safe" techniques to eliminate errors or quality-related production defects as far upstream in the process as possible.

Port mirroring

A transmission method in which frames transmitted and received on one port can be duplicated on another port for diagnostic purposes.

POTS (plain old telephone service)

The typical, familiar single-phone-line-and-single-phone-number model.

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)

A TCP/IP-based protocol used to transmit IP packets over serial point-to-point links.

PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)

A tunneling protocol developed by Ascend Communications, ECI Telecom, Microsoft, and U.S. Robotics that encapsulates PPP frames over TCP/IP networks. There is no standard implementation of PPTP.

Preventive maintenance 

Maintenance activities often performed by machine operators at regularly scheduled intervals, to keep equipment in good working condition.

Print server

A device that enables printer sharing on a network. Some home router products offer built-in print servers, and many standalone wired and wireless print servers are available.

Problem-solving methodologies 

A variety of approaches to problem solving, including the Deming Circle (Plan-Do-Check-Act), used by all persons working in the same team or organization.

Process manufacturing 

The manufacture of products such as chemicals, gasoline, beverages, and food products that typically are produced in "batch" quantities rather than discrete units.

Product Family

A grouping of products using similar processing methods.

Product-development cycle 

Sometimes called "time to market," this is the period of time from the start of design / development work to commercial product availability.

PSTN (public switched telephone network)

The combination of local, long-distance, and international carriers that make up the worldwide telephone network.

Pull Scheduling

Starting a new lot with an order from a customer.

Pull system 

A system for controlling work flow and priorities whereby the processes needing materials (or attention) draw them from the feeding processes or storage areas as needed, typically using "kanban" signals  in contrast to "push" systems in which material is processed, then pushed to the next stage whether or not it is really needed.

Pull vs. Push

Two diametrically opposite scheduling philosophies. Push manufacturing schedules are dictated by a formal production schedule where a new lot is pushed onto the first step of the process. With pull manufacturing, a customer order triggers the start of a new lot; typically empty kanbans pull new production from the prior process step.

QFD (Quality Function Deployment)

A technique used to identify the "Voice of the Customer" and match customer requirements and technical requirements.

QoS (Quality of service)

The ability of a network (including applications, hosts, and infrastructure devices) to deliver traffic with minimum delay and maximum availability.

QS 9000 

A common quality certification program for auto industry suppliers that includes ISO 9000 as a base-line.

Quality function deployment (QFD)

A customer-focused approach to quality improvement in which customer needs (desired product or service characteristics) are analyzed at the design stage and translated into specific product- and process-design requirements for the supplier organization. Targeted customer needs may include product features, cost, durability, and other product characteristics.

Quick-changeover methods 

A variety of techniques, such as SMED (single-minute exchange of dies), that reduce equipment setup time and permit more frequent setups, thus improving flexibility and reducing lot sizes and lead times.

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)

A client/server protocol and software package that enables remote-access servers (VPN concentrators in this case) to communicate with a central server to authenticate dial-in users and authorize their access to the requested systems or services.

Rapid prototyping 

A variety of techniques for quick conversion of CAD-generated product designs into useful, accurate physical models, typically using computer-controlled systems.

Real-time feedback 

Instantaneous (or nearly instantaneous) communication of electronically captured data (typically quality data) to process operators or equipment to enable rapid or automated adjustments that keep production processes operating within quality parameters.

RMON (remote-monitoring)

A monitoring methodology for measuring traffic flow and setting alarms for error conditions. It doesn't require polling (as SNMP does).

Router

An interconnection device that links two discrete networks and forwards packets between them. A router uses a networking protocol such as IP to address and direct data packets flowing into and out of the network on which it sits.

RSA

The public-key cryptographic system developed in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. RSA is the most commonly used public-key encryption and authentication algorithm.

RSS

Though the acronym has a few meanings (the most common is Really Simple Syndication), all refer to a way of managing lists of information. Commonly used today for reading blogs and other Web content. Microsoft plans on using RSS and Simple List Extensions for managing all sorts of data.

SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language)

An XML security framework for exchanging authentication and authorization information.

Scrap/rework costs 

Parts or materials wasted in the production process, plus the cost of fixing defective products so that they pass final inspection.

Set-Up Reduction

Reducing the time to set-up or change-over a process.

Set-Up Time

The time it takes to set-up a process to produce the next product, measured from the last good part of the prior lot to the first good part of the new lot.

Shop-floor data collection 

Automated collection of data on factory-production activities, including units produced, labor hours per unit or customer order, time and date of specific production activities, and maintenance and quality data.

Simulated Continuous Flow

With a step-wise batch operation, simulating a continuous process with small lot sizes (as small as a lot size of 1), elimination of WIP, and direct feed of each process step from its prior step.

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

An Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard for initiating, maintaining, and terminating an interactive user session involving video, voice, chat, gaming, virtual reality, and more.

Six Sigma 

A program that originated at Motorola where the objective is customer satisfaction through continuous improvement in quality. Six Sigma means products and processes will experience only 3.4 defects per million opportunities or 99.99966% good.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

A specification that governs network device monitoring and management.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

The W3C's XML protocol for Web services messages.

Spanning Tree Protocol

A specification that lets network bridges exchange information while only one of them controls traffic between computers on a network.

SPC (Statistical process control)

Use of variation analysis, with manual or computerized control charts, to detect non-normal variations in a process as quickly as possible.

Structured wiring

A networking system that requires the installation of networking cables within the walls of a home or office. The cables can be Category 5, coaxial, or hybrid bundles. Structured wiring is more common in new homes, because retrofitting old homes can be costly.

Supply-chain/logistics systems 

A class of manufacturing software designed to optimize scheduling and other activities throughout the supply chain or "value chain" including transportation and distribution functions.

Switch

A hardware device that serves as a central connection point for all network cables. In a relatively small networking environment, a switch of 4 to 12 ports may be part of a router or gateway.

TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System)

A protocol for authenticating users attempting to gain access to servers, networks, and remote-access servers. Similar to but less secure than RADIUS and TACACS+.

Takt Time

The rate at which the customer uses a product. It is calculated by dividing the total daily operating time by the total daily customer demand.